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Non-surgical rhinoplasty is a medical procedure in which injectable fillers, most commonly hyaluronic acid ones like Restylane and Juvederm or calcium hydroxyapatite (Radiesse), are used to alter and shape a person's nose without invasive surgery.〔Beer, K.R., Nasal reconstruction using 20 mg/ml cross-linked hyaluronic acid. J Drugs Dermatol, 2006. 5(5): p. 465-6.〕〔Rokhsar, C. and D.H. Ciocon, Nonsurgical rhinoplasty: an evaluation of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite filler for nasal contouring. Dermatol Surg, 2008. 34(7): p. 944-6.〕 The procedure fills in depressed areas on the nose, lifting the angle of the tip or smoothing the appearance of bumps on the bridge.〔 Non surgical rhinoplasty is an augmentation procedure, so it cannot reduce the size of someone's nose. It is a cosmetic procedure and is used sometimes to correct functional problems with the nose, such as breathing difficulties. Originally developed at the turn of the century, early attempts used soft-tissue fillers such as paraffin wax and silicone. The procedure was abandoned when disastrous late complications started appearing.〔Stupak HD, Moulthrop TH, Wheatley P, Tauman AV, Johnson CM Jr. Calcium hydroxylapatite gel (Radiesse) injection for the correction of postrhinoplasty contour deficiencies and asymmetries. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2007 Mar-Apr;9(2):130-6.〕 More modern fillers are now in use. ==History== Non-surgical rhinoplasty is reported to have originated at the turn of the nineteenth century, when New York City neurologist James Leonard Corning (1855–1923) and Viennese physician Robert Gersuny (1844–1924) began using liquid paraffin wax to elevate the "collapsed nasal dorsum" that characterizes the "saddle nose deformity." Yet, despite its corrective efficacy, liquid paraffin proved biologically harmful.〔 During the 1960s, soft-tissue fillers of medical-grade silicone gel were introduced to the rhinoplastic surgeons. However, like liquid paraffin, silicone gels proved biologically harmful, causing ulcers and granulomas, as reported in 1977.〔 To minimize the risk, in 2000 D.S. Orentreich advocated the "microdroplet technique", minute doses of silicone injected over multiple sessions.〔 In 2002, American otolaryngologist Dr. Alexander Rivkin began using injectable fillers like Restylane and Radiesse that had recently been approved by the FDA to improve the contours of his patients' noses. He developed an office based procedure consisting of a series of small filler injections in precise locations on the nose. After performing the procedure regularly in 2003, Rivkin publicized the method in a variety of mainstream American news outlets as the "non-surgical nose job" and "injection rhinoplasty."〔 The main goal of the procedure was to make a bumpy or curved nose appear straighter. He observed that straightening the nose made it appear smaller (even though he was augmenting) by making it blend better with the contours of the rest of the face.〔(Dr. Alexander Rivkin performing non-surgical rhinoplasty on NBC's Today Show )〕〔 This observation was echoed by later physicians as well.〔Dayan SH, Greene RM, Chambers AA. Long-lasting injectable implant for correcting cosmetic nasal deformities. Ear Nose Throat J. 2007 Jan;86(1):25-6.〕 Rivkin's 2009 study of 385 patients remains the largest published experience with this technique in the world.〔 In 2005, the Australian Dr. Andrew Tuan-Anh Le published a pilot study reporting successful corrective outcomes using the soft-tissue filler polyacrylamide gel (PAAG), a hydrophilic colloid injected to the tissues of the nasal defect, and known commercially as Aquamid.〔〔 Other soft-tissue fillers have since come into use as well, and the injection procedures have gained popularity due to their non-invasiveness and low cost. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Non-surgical rhinoplasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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